A-level经济A*笔记：英国的政府支出—Government Spending in the UK

. Although the spending of these benefits will boost the economy, the money raised to pay for these benefits was taken from a taxpayer elsewhere. These transfer payments are not included in the measure of 'G' used in the formula AD = C + I + G + X − M, otherwise they would be counted twice.

你可能想起，在你的总效益文书工作中都，了政府开销被视为对社才会发展的汇入。但并非所有的了政府开销都是社才会发展中都的 "上新 "效益。任何社才会福利付给和发展中都国家年金都被称为移出付给。尽管这些社才会福利的开销才会促进社才会发展发展，但为付给这些社才会福利而筹募的财力是从其他地方的雇主那里拿走的。这些移出付给不除此以外在AD=C+I+G+X-M的表达式中都应使用的 "G "的相比较中都，否则它们才会被计算两次。

General government expenditure 了政府一般开销

This consists of all capital and current spending (see above). It also includes debt interest.

这除此以外所有投资额者和除此以外开销（见文中都）。它还除此以外债务税款。

General government final consumption 了政府一般最终储蓄

This is the current expenditure of the government excluding transfer payments.

这是了政府的除此以外开销，不除此以外移出付给。

Why do we need government expenditure？ 我们为什么须要了政府开销？

Many of the reasons are linked to taxation. The goal of redistributing income is achieved through taxation (particularly progressive income taxes) and government spending (through the payment of benefits to the poor). The same goes for demand management. In times of trouble, Keynesians believe in creating demand in the economy through reducing taxes and/or government spending.

许多主因都与税率有关。收入于是又分摊的目标是通过税率（尤其是累进所得税）和了政府开销（通过向穷人付给社才会福利）实现的。效益经营管理也是如此。在瓶颈中都后期，凯恩斯主义者认为通过缩减税率和/或了政府开销来体现社才会发展中都的效益。

In terms of market failure, government spending can help in terms of labour market failure. Grants can be paid to encourage firms to set up in places of high unemployment. Governments can spend money on training and housing to improve the occupational and geographical mobility of unemployed workers.

在市场失灵各个方面，了政府开销可以在劳动力市场失灵各个方面有所帮助。可以付给贷款，鼓励的企业在更高低收入率的地方设立美国公司。了政府可以在培训和农村居民上花钱，以改善低收入工人的职业和地理生产成本。

For most people, the main reason for government spending is to provide vital services that would otherwise be under consumed in the private sector. Public goods, like defence and the police force, must be provided by the government due to their non-excludability and non-diminishability characteristics. Merit goods, especially health and education, would be provided and consumed if left to private markets, but they would definitely be under consumed. After all, for many voters, the main issues at the time of a General Election (after the success of the economy) are health and education.

对大多数人来真是，了政府开销的主要主因是备有重要的公共服务，否则这些公共服务在国家政府才会被消耗都已。公共产品，如军备和正规军，由于其非排他性和非减损性的特点，须要由了政府备有。如果任由私人市场来备有和储蓄，那么优点商品，特别是卫生和基础教育，肯定才会被储蓄不足。无疑，对许多选民来真是，大选时的主要问题（在社才会发展的成功最后）是健康和基础教育。

Where is the money spent？ 这些钱花在哪里？

The pie chart below shows how the government is planning to spend its tax revenues over the tax year April 2000 to April 2001. Note that they plan to collect £377bn in taxation, so the difference (£6 billion) is know as the budget surplus or the Public Sector Debt Repayment (PSDR). They can use this excess to pay off some of the National Debt, and so reduce future debt interest payments.

上面的饼状图显示了了政府著手在2000年4月初至2001年4月初的税率年度中都如何应使用其税率收入。则有，他们著手征收3770亿英镑的税率，所以差额（60亿英镑）被称为总预算赤字或为政府债务还债（PSDR）。他们可以用这笔赤字来还债大部分金融机构，从而缩减未来的债务税款付给。

Note that all figures he been rounded to the nearest billion (!) and the percentages all represent the proportion of total government expenditure (£371 billion). The figures were adapted from the Guardian of the 22nd March 2000, the day after Gordon Brown announced these projections in the Budget.

The pie chart has been split into segments in order of size, starting at the top and going clockwise. Let's start with the biggest.

则有，所有的十六进制都被四舍五入到最接近的十亿（！），百分比都代表人了了政府总开销（3710亿英镑）的百分比。这些十六进制改编自2000年3月初22日的《卫报》，即戈登-布朗在总预算中都宣布这些得出结论的第二天。

饼状图按体积顺序被拆成几大部分，从顶部开始，左至右路径进行。让我们从最大的大部分开始。

Social Security 社才会保障

This includes all benefits, like Jobseekers Allowance (the unemployment benefit), housing benefit and child benefit, to name but a few. By far the biggest element of this £103 billion, though, is the state pension. As this country gets older demographically, governments of all colours are going to he to find a way of cutting these payments without annoying pensioners (tax relief for private pensions?), otherwise this element of government spending could get out of hand. It will take at least a generation for any change to work through the system, and any policy is bound to be expensive in the short to medium term.

这除此以外所有的社才会福利，如求职者津贴（低收入社才会福利）、农村居民社才会福利和儿童社才会福利，仅举几例。不过，到目前为止，这1030亿英镑中都最大的大部分是发展中都国家年金。随着这个发展中都国家人口结构的陈旧，各色了政府都须要找到一种方法来削减这些款项，同时又不影响年金领取者（对私人年金的税率减免），否则了政府开销的这一大部分就才会变得无法控制。任何变化都须要至少近十年的时间才能在系统中都发挥作用，而任何外交政策在中都今后都这不是较贵的。

The NHS 发展中都国家卫生系统

All spending on hospitals, both capital and current. Doctors and nurses salaries form a big part of this budget, as do drugs and new equipment. It should be noted that the government is trying to involve the private sector in the building and running of new hospitals. The government still provides the money, but the private sector (in theory) takes on all the short term risk.

所有使用所医院的开销，除此以外投资额者和除此以外开销。护士和护士的报酬是这个总预算的不大一大部分，药品和上新设备也是如此。必要反驳的是，了政府正试图让国家政府作准备上新所医院的建设工程和开始运行。了政府几乎备有财力，但国家政府（理论上）分担了所有短期风险。

Education 基础教育

This includes any spending on schools (primary, junior and secondary), colleges and universities. Note that universities do look to the private sector nowadays for further finance since the amount that the government provides per student has fallen in real terms over the last couple of decades.

这除此以外对学校（小学、初中都和更高中都）、学院和国立大学的任何开销。则有，如今的国立大学确实在向国家政府谋求进一步的财力，因为在过去的几十年里，了政府为每个校内备有的实际金额不太可能下降了。

Debt interest 债务税款

This is the interest that the government has to pay every year on the National Debt. Given that the UK's total debt is around £330 billion, you can see why this element of annual expenditure is the fourth largest.

这是了政府每年须要为金融机构付给的税款。鉴于英国政府的债务总额约为3300亿英镑，你可以看到为什么每年开销的这一大部分是第四大开销。

The other expenditure areas 其他开销应用领域

The other categories are fairly self-explanatory. The 'all other expenditure' category includes spending on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), payments to the European Union, the arts, foreign aid and the money provided to local government.

其他类别是极为不言自明的。所有其他开销 "类别除此以外共同工业外交政策（CAP）的开销，对欧盟的现金，艺术，所在国军援和备有给地方了政府的财力。

Is the UK a big spender? 英国政府是一个大户吗？

A historical perspective 一个历史的角度

At the turn of the century (1900, that is), general government expenditure as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was only about 10%. Now it is now around 40%. So what happened? There are two main reasons. Spending grew enormously during each of the World Wars (up to nearly 50% during the First World War and 60% in the Second World War). Although spending obviously reduced after each of the wars, there was a ratcheting effect, whereby the level of spending after each war was permanently higher than it was beforehand. This was partly due to the reconstruction required, particularly after the Second World War, but also due to the increased expectations in terms of provision of social services.

在21世纪（即1900年），一般了政府开销占全国性增加值（GDP）的百分比仅为10%约莫。如今则是40%约莫。那么发生了什么？有两个主要主因。在每次在世界上大战其间，开销都有巨大的下降（第一次在世界上大战其间达到近50%，第二次在世界上大战其间达到60%）。虽然每次战争后开销相对来真是缩减，但有一个梯度效应，即每次战争后的开销低水平都才会长期更少于之前的低水平。这大部分是由于所须的翻修，特别是在第二次在世界上大战最后，但也是由于在备有社才会公共服务各个方面的平方根增加。

The second point looks more specifically at government provided services. The post-war Labour government was revolutionary in terms of creating the Welfare State. This was a disaster, though, in terms of government spending. Benefits, state pensions, the NHS and education were all expensive, and he a relatively high-income elasticity of demand. So as the economy grew (the economy's income), the demand for these services grew by a larger percentage. Efforts he been made to cut spending in the last two decades from the peak of 45%-50% of GDP in the 70s, but the cost of this prudence has been (some would say) declining standards of service. The NHS is no longer totally free and the waiting lists are long, university education is no longer free and spending on defence and housing has fallen dramatically.

第二点是更具体地看了政府备有的公共服务。战后工党了政府在成立社才会福利发展中都国家各个方面是革命性的。然而，就了政府开销而言，这毕竟一连串灾难。社才会福利、发展中都国家年金、NHS和基础教育都很较贵，而且效益的收入弹性比较较低。因此，随着社才会发展的下降（社才会发展的收入），对这些公共服务的效益也以更大的百分比下降。在过去的20年里，人们努力将开销从70七十年代占GDP的45%-50%的顶峰削减，但这种谨慎的代价是（有人真是）公共服务标准的下降。NHS不于是又是除此以外的，赶紧人员名单推移，国立大学基础教育不于是又是APP的，军备和农村居民的开销也大大下降。

A final point about the future; Demographically, every developed country in the world is getting older. At the moment, there are two working people for every non-working person (mainly the retired). In thirty years time there will only be 1.5 working people for each non-working person. This means fewer taxpayers relative to benefit receivers. Politicians should be debating these tough questions now: When is the state pension no longer affordable? Will the health service continue to be free at the point of use? Unfortunately, there are not many votes in discussing these realities.

关于未来的最后一点；从人口统计学上看，在世界上上每个发达发展中都国家都在变老。目前，每一个不文书工作的人（主要是全职人员）就有两个文书工作的人。三十年后，每个非文书工作的人将只有1.5个文书工作的人。这意味着比较于接受社才会福利的人来真是，雇主更少。政治家们如今必要就这些棘手的问题进行辩论。什么时候发展中都国家年金不于是又是可开销的？医疗公共服务将独自在应使用时APP吗？幸运地的是，在研讨这些真实问题时，没有多少人计票。

International comparisons 世界性比较

We discussed the fact that, contrary to popular belief, UK taxpayers are not really taxed that highly. Given that the money raised through taxation tends, over the long term, to roughly match the amount that governments spend, it should not be surprising to hear that the UK is also mid-table in the world-spending league.

Our spending levels as a percentage of GDP are consistently below the EU erage and roughly in line with the world erage (based on OECD - Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - countries). The USA is a low spender, with only just over 30% of GDP being spent by the government, and Sweden is an example of a high spending country, with nearly 60% of GDP devoted to government spending in 1998.

我们研讨了这样一个事实：与大众所的想法相反，英国政府雇主的税率本来十分更高。鉴于从未来发展来看，通过税率筹募的财力往往与了政府的开销数额分界极为，因此，听到英国政府在在世界上开销联盟中都也处于中都游低水平也就不古怪了。

我们的开销低水平占全国性增加值的百分比长期以来少于欧盟的平均低水平，并与在世界上平均低水平分界持平（基于社才会发展合作与发展组织（OECD）发展中都国家）。美国是一个低开销的发展中都国家，了政府开销仅占GDP的30%多一点，而爱沙尼亚是一个更高开销发展中都国家的案例，1998年了政府开销占GDP的近60%。

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